Camphor

Camphor has a chemical formula of C10H16O. It has a strong aromatic odor and is highly flammable. It is seen in trees related to the laurel family, such as Ocotea usambarensis. The dried leaves of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), which belong to the mint family contain a composition of up to 20% camphor.

It is a terpenoid with a white or transparent solid like appearance that has a waxy texture.

It’s also found in large evergreen trees of Sumatra, Indonesia and Borneo in Asia, kapur tree which is a tall timber tree from the same region, and the wood of the camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora).

Besides this, camphor can also be synthetically produced from the oil of turpentine.  Another major resource of camphor spotted in Asia is the parent of African blue basil, which is also known as camphor basil.

Uses of Camphor:

Camphor is usually used for its scent; commonly used in India for the purpose of cooking and medicine, as an embalming fluid in religious ceremonies. Camphor can also be used as a plasticizer for nitrocellulose in explosives, fireworks and in certain explosive ammunition.

While looking through Arabic language cook books, and through the history of ancient and medieval Europe, we see that camphor is used for cooking both sweet and savory dishes as well.

As of today, most sweets of Asia use camphor as a flavoring agent. In India it’s known as kachha karpooram or “pachha karpoora” in the common tongue and is available in Indian grocery stores under the label of “edible camphor”. It’s also used as a pest deterrent and preservative.

Since its properties make it toxic to insects, it’s also used as a repellent. In India it’s commonly used as mothballs and kept to protect clothes in the cupboard.  Ironically, camphor crystals are used to avoid damage to insect collections by other small insects.

Therapeutic Uses of Camphor:

Camphor as an essential oil has the properties of an antispasmodic, stimulant, anti-neuralgic, decongestant, sedative, anti-inflammatory, anesthetic, antiseptic, and nervous pacifier, disinfectant, and insecticide substance.

The property of camphor makes it easily absorbed through the skin; using this ability camphor is used as a local anesthetic and antimicrobial substance. It is also commonly used as a decongestant, and a cough suppressant; it’s used along with menthol in vapor-steam products, such as Vicks VapoRub.

Camphor was also used in ancient Sumatra to treat sprains, swellings, and inflammation. It also dates back to the 18th century, where camphor was used by Auenbrugger to treat mania. Camphor dissolved in alcohol was used in 1854-1855 to treat the cholera epidemics in Naples.

Camphor as an Anesthetic & Nervous Pacifier:

Camphor when applied to an area causes lack of sensation of the sensory nerves and reduces the severity of nervous disorders and convulsions, nervousness, epileptic attacks, and chronic anxiety; hence it acts as a good anesthetic and is very effective for local anesthesia.

A study on ‘The anaesthetic effect of camphor (Cinnamomum camphora)’ was conducted, where the aim of this study was to assess the use of camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), mint (Mentha arvensis), and clove (Syzygium aromaticum), essential oils as anesthetics on clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris).

The result proved that “all of the essential oils exhibited the biological activity of an anesthetic on the specimen A. ocellaris. The 27, 70 and 500 μL L−1 concentrations of clove, mint, and camphor oils promoted surgical anaesthesia after 310.5, 312.0, and 535.0 s (medians) respectively.”

Camphor in Treatment of Cancer, Diabetes & Alzheimer’s:

Camphor has been used traditionally for many years, on its own and in combination with other chemicals in the treatment for inflammation and irritation in body and skin, and for the relief of pain. It has been used for centuries, all around the globe in the treatment of a variety of symptoms such as inflammation, infection, congestion, pain, irritation, etc.

Several studies have proved that some of the components of Cinnamomum camphora achieve suppressive and anti-mutagenic results on a variety of human cancer cells without harming the healthy cells.

A study on ‘Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), a traditional remedy with the history of treating several diseases’ focused on making use of camphor as a quick household medication  to solve day to day minor problems; as well as looking into information about the new applications of this traditionally used, naturally occurring medication to treat or prevent some critical acute diseases such as cancer and diabetes.

Since Cinnamomum camphora has been very effective in treating and preventing some serious, life threatening diseases; Camphor and its components should be investigated further as a viable option in the treatment of different types of cancer.

Additionally, more studies on the application of camphor for patients with memory disorders and brain dysfunctions such as in autism and Alzheimer’s are needed.

Reference Links:

  1. Camphor by Wikipedia
  2. The anaesthetic effect of camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), clove (Syzygium aromaticum) and mint (Mentha arvensis) essential oils on clown anemonefish, Amphiprion ocellaris, published in Wiley.com
  3. Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), a traditional remedy with the history of treating several diseases published in the International Journal of Case Reports and Images

Menthol

Menthol solid at room temperature, and is white, crystalline and waxy in nature. It retains its solid state at room temperature and melts slightly above. It is originally found in the form of corn mint, peppermint, or other mint oils, and the organic compound made synthetically from it.

It imparts a minty flavor, fragrance and cooling effect to essential oils it’s seen in.

It is widely used to relieve minor throat irritation, as menthol has local anesthetic and counter-irritant qualities. This makes it very common in non-prescription products for short-term relief of minor sore throat and minor mouth or throat irritation.

It is also used to relieve minor aches and pains, such as sprains, muscle cramps, headaches and similar conditions. It is mixed with chemicals such as camphor, eucalyptus oil or capsaicin to form topical analgesics.

It is also used as an antipruritic to reduce itching. In perfumery, menthol is used to prepare menthyl esters to emphasize floral notes. It is used as a decongestant for chest and sinuses, used to treat sunburns and in aftershave products to relieve razor burns.

Menthol is used in certain cigarette brands as a smoking tobacco additive, which also increases the density of nicotine receptors, making it an addictive potential of tobacco products. It is used in soda to alleviate nausea, in particular motion sickness, by pouring a few drops on a lump of sugar.

A study on ‘Menthol: a simple monoterpene with remarkable biological properties’ stated that menthol can only be found as a constituent of a limited number of aromatic plants, and hence not a prime compound of most essential oils.

This compound is known to show signs of high biological activity in vitro and in vivo, displaying antibacterial, antifungal, antipruritic, anticancer and analgesic effects, and are also an effective fumigant.

Menthol is used in food and in oral hygiene products such as mouth and tongue-spray, mouthwash, toothpaste and more generally as a flavoring agent in chewing gums and candies. It acts as an antispasmodic or a muscle relaxant in upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. It is also used in the cosmetic industry in products such as hair conditioners.

A 2013 study on ‘Chemical composition and biological properties of essential oils of Two mint species by Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science and Providence University, published in the Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research’ established the effects of menthol against inflammation and microbes.

This study showed that the two mint essential oils contain more alcohol and terpene and the major compound was menthol. The antimicrobial activity of peppermint against E. coli, S. aureus and P. aeruginosa was stronger than that of chocolate mint.

For the anti-oxidation test using DPPH radical and β-Carovtene-linoleic acid assay, peppermint showed better properties than chocolate mint. However, for the scavenging NO radical activity, chocolate mint was superior to peppermint. Chocolate mint also showed stronger anti-inflammatory activity than peppermint.

Based upon the Gas chromatography report and Material Safety Data Sheet, both the oils of Peppermint and Chocolate mint contains menthol as the primary chemical constituent, responsible for its promising remedial attributes.

Reference Links:

  1. Chemical composition and biological properties of essential oils of Two mint species by Chia Nan University of Pharmacy and Science and Providence University, published in the Tropical Journal of Pharmaceutical Research
  2. Menthol by Wikipedia
  3. Menthol: a simple monoterpene with remarkable biological properties by Tshwane University of Technology, South Africa, published in PubMed

Lavandulyl acetate

Lavandulyl acetate is the acetate ester of lavandulol, and an important component of lavender oil. It has several biological activities and is known for the treatment of acne, anxiety, athlete’s foot, itching, asthma, bruises, allergies, burns, headache and insect bites.

It has been a proven component in essential oils like Lavender that support the treatment of colic, cuts, chicken pox, cystitis, dermatitis, depression, dysmenorrhea, earache, flatulence, hypertension, labor pains, migraine, oily skin, rheumatism, scabies, sores, scars, sprains, stress, stretch marks, strains, vertigo and whooping cough.

Therapeutic uses of Lavandulyl acetate:

Helps maintain skin health:

Lavandulyl acetate of lavender oil is used to treat various skin disorders like psoriasis, acne, eczema, and wrinkles. It can also help soothe insect bites and itchy skin, help form scar tissues, which may be essential in healing wounds, cuts, and burns. It’s also a natural anti-inflammatory, so it helps reduce itching, swelling, and redness.

Relieves respiratory disorders:

It can be applied on your neck, chest, or back, or inhaled via steam inhalation or through a vaporizer. By this method of treatment, it can help alleviate respiratory problems like throat infections, colds and flu, cough, whooping cough, sinus congestion, asthma, bronchitis, tonsillitis, and laryngitis.

Keeps your hair healthy:

When used on your hair, Lavender oil aids in killing lice and nits. According to ‘The Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database (NMCB)’ lavender is possibly effective for treating dandruff, alopecia areata (hair loss), and boosting hair growth by up to 44 percent after just seven months of treatment.

Relieves pain and soothes the nervous system:

The constituent of Lavandulyl acetate in Lavender oil may also help to reduce pain after an insertion of needle acting like a topic anesthetic. By massaging the oil onto the affected area it can be used to relax tensed muscles, ease pain in joints, which also includes conditions of rheumatism, and treat sprains, backache, and lumbago.

A 2013 study on ‘Lavender and the Nervous System’ reported to be useful in the treatment of acute as well as chronic or intractable pain.

Studies that have been conducted prove that foot massages using aromatic oils like lavender among a group of 100 ICU patients, of whom 50% were receiving artificial ventilation proved to be extensively positive in treating patient by increasing the wakefulness, reducing blood pressure, respiratory rate, heart rate and pain.

In the case of recurrent aphthous ulceration, a study was conducted on 115 patients and usage of lavender oil did make a difference.

From the very first dose, many experienced significant pain relief, speedy mucosal repair, reduction in the size of the ulcer, and complete to partial healing within three day from the initiation of treatment. In another group of 30 volunteers, the bispectral index, stress levels, intensity of pain felt after a needle insertion was said to be minimal to nil after receiving oxygen with a face mask coated with lavender oil for a period of 5 minutes.

The result, “Forty-seven patients suffering with migraine issues were studied, and most of them reported decline in pain, the severity of the occurrence of migraines also decreased. This result was noted with jut as simple remedy of rubbing lavender oil on the upper lip of the person. Relief was felt within 15 minutes after the application. Off-course this was only monitored during the early stages of the migraine attack.”

Cognition:

Medicinal plans have been analyzed and used as cognitive enhancers’ right from the medieval ages. It is said that the aroma of the essential oil have the characteristics to boost the mood.

To study the effect of essential oil on cognition abilities, Lavender oil, proven neuro-protective oil was used in 144 healthy participants. It was extremely effective in augmenting general mental health and quality of life in neurasthenia (post-traumatic stress disorder) patients.

Reference Links:

Lavender and the Nervous System by Universitätsklinikum Münster, Germany, published in the Evidence Based Complementary and Alternative Medicine and PubMed

Lavender oil by Wikipedia