Patchouli alcohol

Posted on December 24, 2025 by AyurvedicOils

Patchoulol or patchouli alcohol (C15H26O) is a sesquiterpene alcohol found in Patchouli. It also goes by the name, Patchouli camphor;(–)-patchoulol; (1R, 3R, 6S, 7S, 8S)-patchoulol, patchouli alcohol.

The (−)-optical isomer is one of the organic compound that imparts the scent of patchouli; it’s a colorless to pale yellow crystalline solid. Due to its pleasant fragrance, it is used as an important material in perfumery.

The oil has proven activity as anti microbial, inhibiting platelet activating factor (PAF), antiseptic, antiviral, sedative agents, and antifungal.

The organo nitrogen compounds of the oil functions with biological activities as a vasodilator, antiviral, antidepressants, antimicrobial, anti-schistosomal, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antitumor, and anticonvulsant. The chemotherapy drug Taxol is also synthesized from this very oil.

Therapeutic uses of Patchouli alcohol:

Some studies reported the potential of patchouli oil for medicinal application. This compound is commonly associated to biological and physiological activity for disorders of the central nervous system and its capability to cooperate with receptors of the body.

The most prominent remedial attributes of Patchouli alcohol are:

Patchouli alcohol as an antioxidant:

A study on ‘Antioxidant Activities and Volatile Constituents of Various Essential Oils’ was carried out in the year 2007. During the process, thirteen essential oils were analyzed to determine their antioxidant activity using three different assay systems.

The main compounds seen in the oil which showed extensive antioxidant traits were, limonene (composition, 74.6%) in celery seed, benzyl acetate (22.9%) in jasmine, α-pinene (33.7%) in juniper berry, myristicin (44%) in parsley seed, patchouli alcohol (28.8%) in patchouli, citronellol (34.2%) found in rose, and germacrene (19.1%) seen in ylang−ylang.

Bacterostatic, antifungal & larvicidal activity of Patchouli alcohol:

In 2004 a study to check the larvicidal activity of the essential oil of Teucrium leucocladum Boiss was conducted. During this study, the chemical composition of the water-distilled essential oil and n-hexane–ether extract of Teucrium leucocladum Boiss were identified by GLC and GLC–MS techniques. As a result 72 compounds were identified.

The sesquiterpene alcohols, patchouli alcohol (31.24% and 29.66%) and α-cadinol (9.29% and 21.54%) were the main components in the oil.

On analyzing the resulting extracts to identify their antifungal and bacterostatic activities, it was proved that they showed broad and potent activity against Bacillus subtilis, Candida albicans and Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Patchouli alcohol as an Anti-inflammatory:

‘Anti-inflammatory activity of patchouli alcohol in RAW264.7 and HT-29 cells’ study performed in the year 2013 states that “PA inhibits the production of inflammatory mediators.” During the study, it was analyzed and documented to check if the PA brings on a reduction in the production of inflammatory mediators through down regulation of the NF-κB and ERK pathway.”

The above mentioned results suggested that PA shows anti-inflammatory activities through suppressing ERK-mediated NF-κB pathway in mouse macrophage and human colorectal cancer cells.

Antibacterial activity of Patchouli oil:

A study on the antimicrobial tests of patchouli oil was carried out by using a technology called molecular docking and antimicrobial test done in vitro. In the study, five biological macromolecule enzymes, required by the bacteria in the process of biosynthesis were selected as the objective molecules.

“A group of antibiotics benzyl penicillin, sulfadiazine, trimethoprim, rifampicin and ciprofloxacin, commonly known as antibacterial drugs, were selected as reference compounds.” The 3 three-dimensional of the 5 reference compounds used and the 26 compounds from patchouli oil were analyzed using surflex-dock software.

Here patchouli oil and its two major compounds, pogostone, and (-)-patchouli alcohol which exceeded 60% in patchouli oil samples, were selected antibacterial agents. The conclusion: “Molecular docking technology and antimicrobial test in vitro proved that patchouli oil had strong antimicrobial effects.” Of which, pogostone and (-)-patchouli alcohol displayed effective antimicrobial activity.

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Niaouli Essential Oil

Posted on December 24, 2025 by AyurvedicOils

Yet another natural feather in the Australian cap along with Tea Tree and Cajeput, Niaouli belongs to the same species Melaleuca and is native to Australia. Along with these 3 trees, Melaleuca contains more than 200 species and these are the most popular ones used for extracting essential oils. Niaouli essential oil is extracted from the leaves and young twigs of this tree through steam distillation.

The clean, camphoraceous and composed aroma of Niaouli oil heals one in a number of ways and never fails to remind you about Tea tree oil. Niaouli essential oil is used in Ayurvedic healing as an antiseptic, immune stimulant and expectorant for helping with respiratory and pulmonary infections.

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Historical importance of Niaouli essential oil:

Niaouli, scientifically known as Melaleuca quinquenervia (Melaleuca viridiflora) has been initially used by the Aborigines of Australia for rescuing Sir Francis and his crew from exhaustion and scurvy with the tea brewed from the leaves of Niaouli tree. It was used as a respiratory aid in the folklore medicine and the indigenous people used the fresh Niaouli leaves for wrapping the affected parts of their body.

Niaouli and its essential oil have been considered as a ‘cure-all’ in French Polynesia and Caledonia and have also been espoused as the national flower. The French use this oil in almost all the hospitals all over the country especially in the gynecological and obstetrics wards for its antimicrobial properties and this oil is also implemented into their pharmacopoeia. It has also been used as a water purifier in the French Pacific.

Niaouli has been used in the Middle East for preparing herbal tea to support healthy bowels. It was also used in the ancient period to keep away from malaria. Since the pre-historic period Niaouli has been a valuable additive to toothpastes, gargles, mouth sprays and cough drops. This oil is also used as a substitute for Cajeput and Eucalyptus oil in the treatment of neuralgia, cold, cough and rheumatism.

Therapeutic properties and chemical constituents of Niaouli essential oil: 1,8-cineole, alpha-terpineol, alpha-pinene, beta-pinene, limonene, a-phellandrene, nerolidol, linalool, piperitone and gamma terpineol. The therapeutic properties of this oil are analgesic, antiseptic, decongestant, bactericidal, cicatrisant, expectorant, balsamic, vermifuge, febrifuge, stimulant, insecticide, vulnerary and anti-rheumatic.

Ayurvedic health benefits of Niaouli essential oil:

Ayurveda meaning ‘science of life’ is the oldest medicinal systems in the world. The basis of Ayurvedic philosophy revolves around the fact that perfect health can be attained only by a well-built immune system. This is because strong immunity make the body resistant and help fight against harmful organisms and infections causing illnesses. Ayurvedic perception of good health is the outcome of synchronization between a person’s physical, mental and spiritual wellness.

Ayurveda treats every individual in a unique manner trusting that no two individuals have identical individual constitution. For this identification, Ayurvedic approach recognizes human beings based on their specific metabolic principles governing the body and mind and its intelligence. They are known as doshas (vata, pitta and kapha).

The predominance of any one of these doshas is the primary dosha of an individual and he is identified with that dosha as his unique body type. Imbalance of any one or all these doshas ends up in illnesses. Niaouli pacifies kapha and vata doshas and aggravates pitta dosha.

Man-made medicines or menacing treatments are not a part of this holistic medicinal practice as it trusts and relies on Mother Nature for its healing system. It centers on prevention of diseases with healthy diet, Ayurvedic routine, balanced life-style changes, herbs, yoga, essential oils, meditation and other simple physical exercises.

Let’s have a look at the Ayurvedic health benefits of Niaouli essential oil.

1. Heals scars and skin infections:

Niaouli essential oil has excellent bactericide, disinfectant, antimicrobial and antiseptic properties that make it a wonder oil in treating skin infections, wounds and other similar disorders.

Donoyama and Ichiman study on the effectiveness of six essential oils like eucalyptus, thyme linalool, lavender, tea tree, niaouli and sage in treating Staphylococcus aureus bacteria was tested. This study revealed that among the six essential oils tested “niaouli oil was found to be the most effective, reducing colony count to zero at 3.125%”.

Add 1 drop of Niaouli oil in a cup of lukewarm water to make a natural cleanse for washing your wounds, skin ulcers, blemishes, cuts, acne, insect bites and burns. This cleansing solution aids in removing the harmful organisms like bacteria on your affected part of the skin and initiates its quicker healing process.

Mix 2 drops of Niaouli oil in coconut oil or your regular skin care cream or lotions and apply it gently on the infected area. The vulnerary and disinfectant properties of this oil help in healing wounds quickly, shielding your skin from microbial infections by activating platelet particles and leucocytes in the infected area and aiding in clearing your acne, marks and blemishes. With its antiseptic properties, Niaouli is also an effective oil in treating infections of the colon, uro-genital tract, kidneys, urethra, kidneys and intestines. Even today Niaouli is used as a safe vaginal douche in France.

Niaouli oil is used in an extensive range of cosmetic products in Australia. With its cicatrisant properties, Niaouli essential oil can be more forceful on your scars and marks than your expensive anti-marks and scar-removing creams. Applying 2 drops of Niaouli oil blended with jojoba oil can assist you in diminishing your scars and marks left by pimples, post-pregnancy stretches, acne or pox by influencing the faster growth of new skin cells and tissues. On prolonged use, this remedy can aid in regenerating your skin surface and replenish it with natural glow.

2. Relieves rheumatic and other pain:

The essential oil of Niaouli works effectively on sharp pain and other related discomforts. When gently massaged on to the painful area with 2 drops of Niaouli essential oil blended with coconut oil, the analgesic properties of this oil acts like a general anesthetic by numbing the nerves in the painful parts and consoles pain.

Niaouli essential oil is celebrated as a popular complementary cure for treating rheumatic pain. Massaging 2 drops of Niaouli oil added to sesame oil helps in stimulating the lymphatic system and enhancing blood circulation in the body, which controls the amassing of toxic substances and uric acid in the joints. By this way, Niaouli oil assists rheumatic patients by easing pain, inflammation and swelling in the painful areas. This oil also helps in treating toothache, joint pain, migraines, earache, headache and sprains.

3. Treats fever and respiratory problems effectively:

Niaouli essential oil has been approved in the German Commission E Monographs especially for its effective uses to the respiratory system. Niaouli oil has expectorant and decongestant properties that aid in clearing congestion and blocked respiratory passages with mucous and phlegm. It also supports in reducing the body temperature at times of fever by combating the infections responsible for fever.

Using 2 drops of Niaouli oil in steam inhalation or in vaporizer can help you fight against cold, flu, bronchitis, whooping cough, sinusitis, catarrh, pneumonia, asthma, laryngitis, sore throat, tuberculosis and cough. It helps open up clogging or obstruction of nasal passages, lungs, trachea, larynx, bronchi and pharynx by loosening phlegm, which promotes easy breathing and sound sleep. You can also add 2 drops of Niaouli oil in your rubs and massage it gently on your neck, chest and back for quicker relief.

4. Kills worms and insects:

This oil is also effective in killing intestinal worms like tape worms and round worms that interrupt the normal growth of the body and the regular process of metabolism. You can add 3 to 5 drops of Niaouli oil in warm bathing water or inhale the aroma of this oil by adding 2 drops to your diffuser for eliminating worms from your body. Niaouli essential oil can also be used along with your insect sprays and vaporizers for killing insects like ants, bugs and cockroaches.

5. Boosts immunity:

Dr. Kurt Schnaubelt says “Niaouli is an excellent general immune system booster and an agent to help one with allergic reactions.” Niaouli essential oil enhances the resistant power of your body to withstand against infections and micro organisms by strengthening your immunity. This oil has been proven mild and safe for everyone so you can add 2 drops of Niaouli oil to your diffuser to facilitate the fostering aroma of this oil fortify your immune power every day.

Other health benefits:

Inhaling the aroma of Niaouli essential oil especially during meditation is said to revive your senses, improve concentration and uplift the spirit. Niaouli oil is applied to the skin of the cancer patients before every session of cobalt therapy for protecting the skin against burning due to the radiation therapy for cancer. Niaouli is also used in cough drops, rubs, mouth sprays, toothpastes, gargles and certain other cosmetic products.

Disclaimer:

Never take essential oils internally as pure essential oils are highly concentrated liquids. Avoid using essential oils directly on the skin and always remember to dilute it in appropriate carrier oils. This information is only for educational purposes and is not meant to replace prescription drugs or expert advice of your healthcare professional. Always consult your Ayurvedic practitioner before using the right essential oil for your specific constitution and health condition.

Thought for the day:

For in the true nature of things, if we rightly consider, every green tree is far more glorious than if it were made of gold and silver. – Martin Luther

Suggested Reading:

The Acne Diet: Holistic Plan to Achieve Clear, Youthful, Acne-Free Skin with Natural Nutrition, Stress Relief and Organic Skincare by Julie Gabriel
Ayurveda & Aromatherapy: The Earth Essential Guide to Ancient Wisdom and Modern Healing by Dr. Light Miller, Dr. Bryan Miller
Tea Tree: The Genus Melaleuca (Medicinal and Aromatic Plants – Industrial Profiles) from CRC Press
Aromatherapy: A Complete Guide to the Healing Art by Kathi Keville, Mindy Green

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Camphor

Posted on December 23, 2025 by AyurvedicOils

Camphor has a chemical formula of C10H16O. It has a strong aromatic odor and is highly flammable. It is seen in trees related to the laurel family, such as Ocotea usambarensis. The dried leaves of Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis), which belong to the mint family contain a composition of up to 20% camphor.

It is a terpenoid with a white or transparent solid like appearance that has a waxy texture.

It’s also found in large evergreen trees of Sumatra, Indonesia and Borneo in Asia, kapur tree which is a tall timber tree from the same region, and the wood of the camphor laurel (Cinnamomum camphora).

Besides this, camphor can also be synthetically produced from the oil of turpentine. Another major resource of camphor spotted in Asia is the parent of African blue basil, which is also known as camphor basil.

Uses of Camphor:

Camphor is usually used for its scent; commonly used in India for the purpose of cooking and medicine, as an embalming fluid in religious ceremonies. Camphor can also be used as a plasticizer for nitrocellulose in explosives, fireworks and in certain explosive ammunition.

While looking through Arabic language cook books, and through the history of ancient and medieval Europe, we see that camphor is used for cooking both sweet and savory dishes as well.

As of today, most sweets of Asia use camphor as a flavoring agent. In India it’s known as kachha karpooram or “pachha karpoora” in the common tongue and is available in Indian grocery stores under the label of “edible camphor”. It’s also used as a pest deterrent and preservative.

Since its properties make it toxic to insects, it’s also used as a repellent. In India it’s commonly used as mothballs and kept to protect clothes in the cupboard. Ironically, camphor crystals are used to avoid damage to insect collections by other small insects.

Therapeutic Uses of Camphor:

Camphor as an essential oil has the properties of an antispasmodic, stimulant, anti-neuralgic, decongestant, sedative, anti-inflammatory, anesthetic, antiseptic, and nervous pacifier, disinfectant, and insecticide substance.

The property of camphor makes it easily absorbed through the skin; using this ability camphor is used as a local anesthetic and antimicrobial substance. It is also commonly used as a decongestant, and a cough suppressant; it’s used along with menthol in vapor-steam products, such as Vicks VapoRub.

Camphor was also used in ancient Sumatra to treat sprains, swellings, and inflammation. It also dates back to the 18th century, where camphor was used by Auenbrugger to treat mania. Camphor dissolved in alcohol was used in 1854-1855 to treat the cholera epidemics in Naples.

Camphor as an Anesthetic & Nervous Pacifier:

Camphor when applied to an area causes lack of sensation of the sensory nerves and reduces the severity of nervous disorders and convulsions, nervousness, epileptic attacks, and chronic anxiety; hence it acts as a good anesthetic and is very effective for local anesthesia.

A study on ‘The anaesthetic effect of camphor (Cinnamomum camphora)’ was conducted, where the aim of this study was to assess the use of camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), mint (Mentha arvensis), and clove (Syzygium aromaticum), essential oils as anesthetics on clown anemonefish (Amphiprion ocellaris).

The result proved that “all of the essential oils exhibited the biological activity of an anesthetic on the specimen A. ocellaris. The 27, 70 and 500 μL L−1 concentrations of clove, mint, and camphor oils promoted surgical anaesthesia after 310.5, 312.0, and 535.0 s (medians) respectively.”

Camphor in Treatment of Cancer, Diabetes & Alzheimer’s:

Camphor has been used traditionally for many years, on its own and in combination with other chemicals in the treatment for inflammation and irritation in body and skin, and for the relief of pain. It has been used for centuries, all around the globe in the treatment of a variety of symptoms such as inflammation, infection, congestion, pain, irritation, etc.

Several studies have proved that some of the components of Cinnamomum camphora achieve suppressive and anti-mutagenic results on a variety of human cancer cells without harming the healthy cells.

A study on ‘Camphor (Cinnamomum camphora), a traditional remedy with the history of treating several diseases’ focused on making use of camphor as a quick household medication to solve day to day minor problems; as well as looking into information about the new applications of this traditionally used, naturally occurring medication to treat or prevent some critical acute diseases such as cancer and diabetes.

Since Cinnamomum camphora has been very effective in treating and preventing some serious, life threatening diseases; Camphor and its components should be investigated further as a viable option in the treatment of different types of cancer.

Additionally, more studies on the application of camphor for patients with memory disorders and brain dysfunctions such as in autism and Alzheimer’s are needed.

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