Camphene

Posted on December 21, 2025 by AyurvedicOils

Camphene is a monoterpene that is bicyclic and exhibits a pungent aroma. It is soluble in general organic solvents and vaporizes at room temperature. It is seen as a vital constituent in Citronella oil, Ginger oil, Camphor oil, Cypress oil, Neroli and Valerian. In the industry, this oil is produced by catalytic isomerization of alpha-pinene.

Commercially, Camphene is seen used as a food additive and in the production of fragrances. Camphene is similar to that of camphor and is a white crystalline solid which imparts a fragrance that is close to camphor. When heated, these crystals give out vapors that cause irritation to the eyes and throat. It is commonly used in the production of insecticides and man-made camphor.

Therapeutic Properties of Camphene:

The predominant remedial attributes of Camphene are as follows:

Antifungal properties of Camphene:

Camphor and camphene in the essential oil of Sage attributes to its antifungal properties. It works effectively in the treatment of fungal skin infections, dysentery, athlete’s foot and dermatitis. It is for the antifungal property displayed by camphene and camphor in Sage oil that it finds its use in skin care products.

Anti-biotic and Cytotoxic properties of Camphene:

The constituents like Camphene, Cineole and Eugenol seen in Tulsi oil is responsible for treating bacterial, fungal and viral infections that affect the respiratory system. It completely cures congestion, and has also been used in the treatment of severe respiratory disorders like bronchitis as well. It has also been reported that the active ingredients present in Tulsi oils can be used to treat damage caused to the lung by smoking cancer and tuberculosis.

Camphene found in Holy Basil leaves and in Tulsi leaves can be used directly as a paste or as an oil extract on the skin to treat antifungal and antibacterial diseases. The extract can be used to keep away mosquitoes, and to create a cooling effect on the irritated parts of the skin.

Antioxidant properties of Camphene:

Camphene along with vitamin C acts as an antioxidant and helps repair damage caused by stress. They work together and exhibit a soothing effect on the nerves, thereby reducing blood pressure, inflammation, and eventually stress.

Analgesic properties of Camphene:

Constituents of Tulsi such as Eugenol, Camphene, Methyl-Chavicol, Carvacrol, and Cineol, have been understood to show sedative, anti-congestive, analgesic, and disinfectant properties. Tulsi and its essential oil can be used to treat sinus pressure, migraines, cough and cold, and even high blood pressure.

Hyper-Lipidemia and Camphene:

Camphene was used in a study to treat the effects of hyperlipidemia and its reduction. The results proved that camphene was quite effective in treating hyperlipidemia and can be used in conditions associated with cardiovascular disease.

Antinociceptive properties of Camphene:

To study the antinociceptive and Redox Profile of the Monoterpenes (+)-Camphene, p-Cymene, and Geranyl Acetate an experiment was carried out. It was identified that the entire three constituents displayed anti-inflammation and analgesic properties, with p-cymene and geranyl acetate showing minimal therapeutic uses. It was decided that camphene had better opportunities in the pharmacological angle enabling it to find a place in the development of new therapeutic ideologies.

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Peppermint Essential Oil

Posted on December 21, 2025 by AyurvedicOils

As nature’s immaculate coolant, the world celebrates Peppermint as the most distinguished member of the mint family, Labiatae along with Spearmint, Pennyroyal, Corsican mint, Lemon mint, Watermint, Lavender, Field mint, Apple mint or Chocolate mint, Patchouli, Thyme and Silver mint. Pliny the Elder (23-79 CE), the Roman natural philosopher, scientist and naturalist rightly said “The smell of mint stirs up the mind and appetite to a greedy desire of food.”

Peppermint essential oil is extracted from the aromatic leaves of this plant and is known since ages as an excellent digestive aid with a bundle of other health benefits as well. The encyclopedia of Ayurveda talks about the notable use of Peppermint essential oil as a cooling carminative that enhances digestion and elimination by eradicating blockages and facilitating the flow of energy from within.

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Historical importance of Peppermint and its oil:

Peppermint dates back to 1000 BC when the dried leaves are said to be found in Pyramids. Indigenous to Europe, this herb was first used by the primeval Egyptians as a natural digestive support. Few mythological studies say that the word Peppermint has its origin from Greek myths in the outline of a love triangle involving Hades, his wife Persephone and the nymph Minthe (who was later turned into Peppermint).

Interestingly, Peppermint is a natural hybrid of Spearmint and Watermint. The ancient Romans loved growing Peppermint in their gardens and in the pathways of stepping stones for greeting their guests with its wonderful aroma and for its innumerable medicinal benefits.

It was also used as a form of currency for the kind of esteem and admiration it had in Egypt. Peppermint was used as a tooth polisher by the ancient monks.

The Biblical importance of Peppermint has added even more to its value. Jesus Christ says to the Pharisees, “But woe unto you, Pharisees! For ye tithe mint and rue and all manner of herbs, and pass over judgment and the love of God: these ought ye to have done, and not to leave the other undone.” It was also used as a culinary herb in the folklore cooking for seasoning meat and assisting in quicker digestion.

Listed as a natural remedy for treating all kinds of illnesses from venereal disease, cold, sores, headache and digestive problems, Peppermint emerged as a distinguished species in the London Pharmacopoeia in the 16^th century. It was also mentioned in the Icelandic Pharmacopoeias as a much valued herbal remedy in 1240 AD. Peppermint was used as a prized herb by the Native Americans and now the United States is the world’s largest producer of Peppermint essential oil contributing to more than 75% of the total production.

Chemical constituents Gas Chromatography Report of Peppermint essential oil:

According to the Gas chromatography report, Peppermint oil constitutes of 10 major chemical components that contribute to its distinctive fragrance, remedial properties and quality, among which, menthol has an upper hand with about 38.6 percent.

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For learning more about the exclusive information of these key constituents of Peppermint oil.

The table below on the Gas Chromatography report talks about the principal chemical constituents and its role in granting the therapeutic properties and other attributes to Peppermint oil.

Therapeutic properties of Peppermint essential oil:

The therapeutic actions of Peppermint essential oil are carminative, decongestant, immune stimulant, anti-infectious, febrifuge, cardio tonic, nervine, hypertensive, antipruritic, antifungal, sedative, expectorant, antibacterial, mucolytic and anti-carcinogenic.

Ayurvedic health benefits of Peppermint essential oil:

Known as Pudina in Sanskrit, Peppermint is a popular culinary herb used for its minty, fresh and enriching aroma for enhancing taste and adding extra flavor to the lip-smacking dishes. Ayurvedic remedies wholly depend on Mother Nature trusting that every single thing on the earth is an incredible part of nature including human beings.

The strong principles of Ayurveda establish that every individual is made up of three vital energy elements known as doshas (vata-air, pitta-fire and kapha-water), which determine the personality, character, behavior and health conditions of a person. A person is said to be healthy when there is perfect balance between all the three doshas and dosha imbalances cause illness. Peppermint and its essential oil in Ayurveda is said to calm all the three doshas.

Peppermint according to Ayurveda has cooling and heating energy (virya), sweet and pungent taste (rasa), dry, penetrating and light quality (guna), benefits the nerve, blood and plasma tissues (dhatu), with a post-digestive effect (vipaka), Peppermint stimulates the circulatory, nervous, digestive and respiratory channels (srotas).

Let’s have a look at the major Ayurvedic health benefits of Peppermint essential oil:1. Keeps away from harmful bacteria and fungi:

Peppermint is a powerful antibacterial oil mainly because of the presence of menthol that aids in fighting against harmful bacteria like salmonella, e.coli and staph.

A 2010 study on ‘Protective effects of bioactive phytochemicals from Mentha piperita with multiple health potentials’ proved that Peppermint oil has effective antimicrobial and antioxidant effect that fights against harmful microbes and supplemented for nutritional benefits and food preservation. Bacterial infections are responsible for wounds becoming septic and other skin problems like acne.

The Tehran University of Medical Sciences in Iran proved that the menthol component in Peppermint oil is defiant to fungus including candida. The State University of Brazil also established that Peppermint essential oil varieties have anti-candida effects. For all these reasons Peppermint oil acts as a natural remedy for treating fungal infections like athlete’s foot, ringworm, jock itch and other yeast infections.

Applying 2 drops of Peppermint essential oil blended with gentle carrier oils like coconut oil aids in treating bacterial and fungal infections. You can also add 2 drops of this oil in warm foot bath or in bathing water for fighting against such detrimental microbes.

2. Enlivens the mind:

The invigorating, refreshing, cooling and reassuring aroma of Peppermint essential oil boosts mental power. Inhaling the aroma of this oil grants a complete stream of freshness to fight the challenges of a rising day.

Adding 2 to 3 drops of drops of Peppermint oil in your air freshener, diffuser or in your handkerchief can grant you immense energy and confidence throughout the day. This therapy employed in your study room can help improve your memory skills and concentration power.

3 to 4 drops of Peppermint oil blended with Sesame oil can act as an efficacious massage oil and as a bathing oil for enhancing your mental strength, treating stress, reducing fatigue and anxiety. It also helps in treating anger, mental strain, confusion, nervousness, palpitations, vertigo and depression.

3. Alleviates tension headache better than the other alternative therapies:

Peppermint essential oil is also an effectual natural remedy for treating tension headache. A clinical trial on ‘Effectiveness of Oleum menthae piperitae and paracetamol in therapy of headache of the tension type’ witnessed “Peppermint oil thus proves to be a well-tolerated and cost-effective alternative to usual therapies for alleviating tension-type headache.” This study also proved that there was not much significant difference in efficacy between acetaminophen and Peppermint oil and there are no reported adverse effects as well.

4. Clears all kinds of stagnation:

Peppermint essential oil is a proven stimulant and tonic especially to the brain, pancreas and heart. It is known for clearing away all kinds of stagnations including physical and mental. Peppermint oil clears stagnation in the blood, lymph, stomach and gallbladder. It also breaks emotional blockages.

The expectorant and decongestant properties of this oil help in open the blocked sinus passages and aid in clearing mucus deposits from the respiratory tract by adding 2 drops of this oil in steam inhalation.

The diaphoretic quality of Peppermint oil aids in reducing the body temperature in the early stages of fever by releasing the heat of the body through sweat. Applying two drops of Peppermint oil blended with coconut oil on your foot helps in quicker recovery from fever. This blend can also be rubbed on the chest, back and neck for treating congestion, cough and blocked nose.

5. Stimulates the digestive system:

The essential oil of Peppermint and the herb itself are known to the world as a promising digestive remedy. Numerous research studies have proved that Peppermint oil is effective in relaxing gastrointestinal smooth muscle, more or less due the antagonistic effect on calcium channels in the gut.

The American Family Physician Forum states that Peppermint oil is effective in treating irritable bowel syndrome symptoms, non-ulcer dyspepsia, tension headache and lessening spasm at the time of gastrointestinal procedures.

Peppermint oil along with the combination of caraway oil has been proved in reducing the symptoms of non-ulcer dyspepsia like bloating, fullness and gastro-intestinal spasm. Gently rub 3 drops of Peppermint essential oil with Sesame oil on the stomach and abdomen to help relieve indigestion, nausea, diarrhea, flatulence, bloating, constipation and pain.

6. Absolute care for hair and skin:

The skin-friendly attributes of Peppermint oil aids in treating eczema, lesions, acne, insect bites, rashes, allergies, irritation and itchiness. Gently massaging your skin with 2 drops of Peppermint oil blended with sweet almond oil helps in nourishing and hydrating dry, dull and lifeless skin. You can also add 2 to 3 drops of oil in your daily lotions and creams and apply it on the affected area.

Dandruff, dry itchy scalp and lice are the major problems associated with hair. Peppermint oil has stimulating and cooling effects. When added to sesame oil and massaged on the scalp helps improve blood circulation, enrich the scalp, conditions your hair and improves hair growth. Adding 3 to 4 drops of Peppermint oil to your shampoo or hair conditioner can add shine to your hair and make it look smooth and silky.

Other health benefits:

Few believe that adding 1 drop of Peppermint oil besides your pillow can bring dreams that reflect your future. Peppermint essential oil when used in massage, added to diffuser or diluted in bath can help relieve menstrual cramps, muscular pain, urinary infections, belching, nerve pain, uterine spasms and much more. The presence of menthol makes Peppermint, a much valued oil in making toothpastes, mouthwashes, cough syrups, ointments, shampoos and soaps, vaporizing rubs etc.

Disclaimer: Never use essential oils internally or apply directly on skin as essential oils are highly concentrated liquids. Always remember using essential oils blended with carrier oils or diluted in bath or in diffusers. Speak with your Ayurvedic Practitioner before using essential oils for your specific body type and your unique state of health.

The MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) of Peppermint oil is readily available for your enhanced safety and better usage.

Gas Chromatography Report of Peppermint essential oil.

Thought for the day:

The world is like a little marsh filled with mint and white hawthorn.
-Mary MacLane

Suggested Reading:

HEALING POWERS OF PEPPERMINT OIL (The Aromatherapy Professional: Healing with Essential Oils) by KG Stiles
How to Use Peppermint Essential Oil (Aromatherapy) by Miriam Kinai
Digestive Wellness: Strengthen the Immune System and Prevent Disease Through Healthy Digestion, Fourth Edition by Elizabeth Lipski
Integrative Gastroenterology (Weil Integrative Medicine Library) by Gerard Mullin

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1,8-Cineole

Posted on December 20, 2025 by AyurvedicOils

Eucalyptol is a cyclic ether and a monoterpenoid. It is identified and ascribed the name eucalyptol in 1870 by F. S. Cloez. It is a natural organic compound that is a colorless liquid, also known by various names like 1,8-cineol, cajeputol, 1,3,3-trimethyl-2-oxabicyclo[2,2,2]octane, 1,8-oxido-p-menthane, 1,8-epoxy-p-menthane, eucalyptole , eucalyptol, and cineole.

The name eucalyptol was given to it based on the dominant portion of Eucalyptus globulus oil. The constituent Eucalyptol is seen in 90 percent of the essential oil in most species of Eucalyptus oil. It’s component is majorly constituted of 1,8 cineole syn eucalyptol and monoterpenes, and hence it gets its’ name Eucalyptol.

1,8-Cineole is also found in Common Sage, Bay leaves, Camphor laurel, Tea tree, Sweet basil, Wormwood, Mugwort, Rosemary, Cannabis sativa and other aromatic flora.

Therapeutic Properties of 1,8-Cineole:

1,8-Cineole finds itself serving multiple therapeutic purposes such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, airborne antimicrobial, antioxidant, antiviral, mucolytic, hypotensive, antispasmodic and it also increases the cerebral blood flow.

1,8-Cineole & Its Uses:

Flavoring and Fragrance:

A report in 1994 stated that the top cigarette companies used eucalyptol as an ingredient in about 599 additives in cigarettes, to improve the flavor. Cineole-based eucalyptus oil is used as a flavoring in various products, including beverages, confectionery, baked goods, and meat products, owing to its pleasant spicy aroma and taste. 1,8-Cineole is also used in flavorings, fragrances, and cosmetics.1 8-cineole

Remedial benefits of 1,8-Cineole:

In the areas of medicine, 1,8-Cineole is widely used as an ingredient in many popular brands of cough suppressant, mouthwashes, and as well as an inactive ingredient in body powder. It serves well in treating system related disorders as mentioned below.

Digestive system:

A study conducted in 2010 with details from the Aromatherapy Journal of the NAHA states that Eucalyptol does play a crucial role against Candida and fungi. It is seen to restrict the filamentation in fungi, and is also effective on intestinal parasites that cause diarrhea.

It’s does exhibit anti-fungal activity on candida albicans. When the leaves of Eucalyptus globulus were taken internally during an experiment with diabetic rats, Candia albicans and its proliferation were inhibited.

Musculoskeletal system:

It can be used in the treatment of arthritis, rheumatism, muscular aches and pains, sprains and plantar fasciitis. Studies suggest that both analgesic and anti-inflammatory activity, were projected by Eucalyptus globules and Eucalyptus citriodora.

Immune System:

The Aromatherapy Journal (2010) of the NAHA indicates, “Eucalyptus globules was able to instinctively put into action a cell-meditated immune response, making it actively function as a immuno-regulatory agents which can be used in infectious diseases, and in chemotherapy, as adjuvant in immuno-suppressive pathologies.”

Respiratory system:

1,8-Cineole is indicated in several respiratory conditions right from sinusitis, asthma, acute bronchitis and chronic bronchitis. It is also preferred in the treatment of sore throat and infections such as laryngitis, for its antiseptic qualities.

It is also used to clear the head especially when used in a combination of Peppermint and Rosemary under conditions of nasal congestion, coughs, cold, flu and pertussis.

1, 8-cineole is seen to provide positive responses even under the conditions of severe respiratory illnesses such as lung function parameters during the treatment of COPD and the common cold.

Eucalyptus globules have been identified to create positive battling effects on bacterial strains which have been isolated from respiratory infections. It has been proved effective for its growth restraining activity against bacterial strains including Haemophilus influenzae, Streptococcus pyogenes, H. parainfluenzae, S. pneumoniae, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and Staphylococcus aureus.

Skin:

For the skin, 1,8-Cineole is used in the treatment of shingles, herpes simplex, measles, acne, chickenpox, ulcers, wounds, boils, burns, cuts. The National Association for Holistic Aromatherapy Journal concurs, “bacteriostatic and bactericidal activity was extensively displayed by 1,8 cineole”.

Insecticide and repellent

Eucalyptol is used as an insect repellent and as an insecticide. This oil is said to elevate territorial behavior and specifically attracts the male bees. This was done so these males would periodically leave their territories to forage for chemicals such as cineole, to attract and mate with females, to synthesize pheromones.

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