Citronellal

Posted on October 23, 2025 by AyurvedicOils

Citronellal is a lemon- fragranced aldehyde that is acquired from the Citronella oil. Its molecular formula is C₁₀H₁₈O and it is also referred by other names such as rhodinol, b-citronellal, citronella and 3,7-Dimethyl 6-octenal. It is a monoterpenoid that imparts the lemon smell in Citronella oil.

It is purely extracted from the distilled oils of the plants Cymbopogon, lemon-scented gum and lemon-scented tea tree. It is mainly obtained by the steam distillation of the fresh leaves of Cymbopogon nardus Linn.

It is also one of the main constituents present in the essential oils of citronella grass, citrus, lemon, roses, grapes, tomatoes, nutmeg and lemon eucalyptus. It constitutes 80% of the essential oil in Kaffir lime leaves and it imparts the characteristic lime odor to these leaves.

Attributes of Citronellal:

Citronellal is a colorless to a pale yellow fragrant liquid. It has strong lemon citronella smell. It is responsible for the characteristic lemon smell in the essential oils constituting it. So it is mainly used in flavoring and in perfumery to render the typical lemon-grass like aroma.

Trusted mosquito repellent:

Citronellal is an effective mosquito repellent because of its intense lemon aroma. It is effective against mosquitoes at short distances. When it is combined with β-cyclodextrin , it provides 1.5 hour protection against mosquitoes.

Therapeutic uses of Citronellal:

Citronellal serves as an anti-microbial, antiviral and an anti-cancer agent. Citronellal contributes to the tranquilizing effect in the oils of Lavender, Valerian, Calamus and Melissa and is a vital part of Aromatherapy.

As an anti-microbial agent:

Citronellal possesses anti-microbial property and it helps to check bacterial infections. According to the study,” Antimicrobial agents from plants: antibacterial activity of plant volatile oils”, it was found that Citronellal was active against B. subtilis, Cl. sporogenes, Fl. suaveolens, M. luteus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa when the essential oils of nutmeg, geranium, black pepper, oregano and thyme are tested against 25 different genera of bacteria.

When citronellal is tested for its antimicrobial activity against five food borne pathogens- Escherichia coli, E.coli, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenases and Vibrio vulnifucas, Citronellal showed anti-bacterial activity against a food borne pathogen Vibrio vulnifucas.

Citronellal present in Eucalyptus citriodora attributes to the anti-bacterial activity of the oil.

Anti-cancer agent:

According to a research carried out by German researchers, it had been found that terpenes, especially (-) -Citronellal inhibits the growth of cancerous cells by increasing the concentration of calcium in the cells. Thus Citronellal is one of the terpenes that exhibit anti-cancer activities.

As an anti-fungal agent:

It has strong anti-fungal activity. In the research article, “Antifungal Activity and Molecular Orbital Energies of Aldehyde Compounds from Oils of Higher Plants”, it is stated that the anti-fungal activity of the aldehydes is mainly due to its reaction with SH compounds and their potential to form charge transfer complexes with electron donors.

According to a study titled “Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil from Cymbopogon nardus (Citronella Grass)”, it was found that citronellal constituted in Cymbopogon nardus totally reduced the growth of all the tested fungal strains.

Reference Links:

Citronellal by Wikipedia

The Mosquito Repellent Citronellal Directly Potentiates Drosophila TRPA1, Facilitating Feeding Suppression.

Antibacterial activity of some essential oil components against five food borne pathogens

Chemical Composition and Antifungal Activity of Essential Oil from Cymbopogon nardus (Citronella Grass)

Menthone

Posted on October 22, 2025 by AyurvedicOils

Menthone is a constituent of the essential oils of peppermint, Pelargonium geraniums, pennyroyal, Mentha arvensis, and others. It is a monoterpene and a ketone; it is structurally related to menthol and is seen to have carbonyl positioned in the place of secondary alcohol. It is seen occurring naturally, with a molecular formula C10H18O, and is among the most abundant in nature of four possible stereo-isomers.

Used in the field of cosmetics and perfumery, menthone is highly acknowledged for its distinguishing minty fragrance and cooling attribute. In most essential oils, it is a minor compound.

For this reason it was first synthesized by oxidation of menthol in 1881, till it was found in essential oils in 1891. Menthone is extracted from mentha shivalik leaves and used in perfumery compositions of rose, lavender, spice and germanium fragrances.

Therapeutic properties of Menthone:

Menthone has been known for its medicinal properties. Being pure and of best quality, it is used in healing applications, in aromatherapy, in oral care like toothpaste, skin care products, chewing gum and pharmaceuticals.

It blends well with cypress, eucalyptus, Basil, benzoin, geranium, black pepper, grapefruit, juniper, lavender, marjoram, niaouli, lemon, rosemary, pine, Ravensara, tea tree.

Medicinal uses of Menthone:

Menthone, is a major constituent of peppermint oil and it performs its pharmaceutical actions by blocking the calcium channels causing smooth muscle relaxation.

Peppermint oil has been used to treat nausea, sore throat, the common cold, cramps, dyspepsia and to relieve symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome and tension headaches. It is used primarily as a flavoring and aromatic agent in a wide assortment of products.

It may also be used topically to treat myalgia and neuralgia, and also as an alternative medicine, it has been used as an antispasmodic, an antiseptic, and as an anti-HSV1 and anti-HSV2 antiviral. Overdose of the chemical constituent is rare, but when it occurs it happens due to the actions of menthol.

Antioxidant activity of Menthone:

A study was conducted on ‘In-vitro Antioxidant Activity and GC/MS studies on the Leaves of Mentha piperita (Lamiaceae)’ from Morocco. The study was performed to understand the chemical composition and the vitro antioxidant activity of the essential oil of Mentha piperita.

Of the thirty compounds that were identified, the oil represented 58.61%. Of the yield the major compounds derived was Menthone (29.01%) followed by menthol (5.58%), isomenthone (2.12%), menthyl acetate (3.34%), 1,8-cineole (2.40%), menthofuran (3.01%), limonene (2.10%), α-pinene (1.56%), germacrene-D (1.50%), β-pinene (1.25%), sabinene (1.13%) and pulegone (1.12%).

The results found indicated that the essential oils of Mentha piperita exhibited an exceptionally high level of antioxidant capacities in comparison with vitamin C.

Anti-microbial activity of Menthone:

A study conducted on the composition, mineral content, antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the essential oil of Mentha piperita (L.) and M. spicata (L.) (Lamiaceae), tested on E. coli, P. aeroginosa, C. albicans, and S. aureus.

On conclusion, it was determined that essential oil of M. spicata and M. piperita was found to contain carvone and menthol as major components, respectively. The oil was found to be effective against S. pyogenes, S. aureus and C. albicans and E. coli, except P. aeruginosa and showed strong antimicrobial activity.

Reference Links:

Tangerine Essential Oil

Posted on October 21, 2025 by AyurvedicOils

Who will hate the citrus, tangy, warm, refreshing and uplifting aroma of tangerine essential oil? Not many of us knew that this invigorating oil has a natural tonic effect on our digestive system and checks tension and stress. Indigenous to China, tangerine and the essential oil extracted from the peels of the tangerine fruit by cold press method has been a vital part of TCM (traditional Chinese medicine).

Ayurveda, the science or knowledge of life calls tangerine as Santra Sal and this fruit is highly regarded as a natural detoxifying agent, helping to eliminate the toxins known as ama from the human body. Elimination of toxins according to Ayurveda is the initial step for purifying the tissues, getting rid of toxic substances left by poor nutrition and disease, strengthening the immune system, augmenting mental clarity and nurturing the overall health condition of an individual.

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Historical uses of Tangerine essential oil:

Tangerine has its birth recorded more than 3000 years ago and this is the predominant cause behind its popular use in the world of integrative medicine. More than the fruit, the external rind or the peel from which the essential oil of Tangerine is extracted is said to have enormous medicinal benefits.

The ancient Chinese philosophers used Chen Pi or tangerine peel to treat digestive disorders like vomiting, indigestion, diarrhea and stomach upset. It was trusted to increase the flow of liquids throughout the body. Chinese medicine call life force as Qi and tangerine peel is believed to control, reconcile and stabilize the flow of Qi.

The decoction extracted from tangerine peel was used in various medications for treating morning sickness in pregnant women, gout and sexual problems in men like premature ejaculation and impotence. Tangerine peel was an important ingredient in Chinese Dr. Huang’s internal injury poultice for treating inflammation, sports injuries, sprain and muscular problems. French and other European medical practitioners used tangerine essential oil for dealing with digestive problems in children and the elderly people.

Ayurvedic texts denote tangerine oil as one of the mildest essential oils that can be used by pregnant women also. It is used to detoxify the body, purify the soul and for tranquilizing the entire system. This was also mentioned in the book ‘Ayurveda and Aromatherapy’ where Bryan Miller and Light Miller said that Tangerine oil is one of the favorite oil of pregnant women and children because of its uplifting and soothing qualities.

Chemical constituents or Gas Chromatography Report (GC) of Tangerine oil:

According to the Gas chromatography report, Tangerine oil constitutes of 9 chemical components that contribute to its fragrance, therapeutic attributes, consistency and quality of this oil. Of which, Limonene contributes to the highest proportion of Tangerine oil with about 95.8% of its total composition.

Just click on:

Limonene

I trust that this must certainly help you in getting to know the exclusive information about the prime chemical constituents of Tangerine oil.

The table crafted below clearly depicts the unique nature and contributions of these bio-chemical constituents to the healing magnificence of Tangerine essential oil.

Ayurvedic health benefits of Tangerine essential oil:

Ayurveda trusts in healing humanity through the use of five senses therapy namely the sense of smell, sight, touch, sound and taste. Besides treating illnesses, Ayurvedic methodology focuses on a disciplined lifestyle that would help in preventing illnesses.

Prana is the essence or life force of any living being on earth. The Vedic texts denote that essential oils were used as a part of Ayurvedic treatments trusting that essential oils, the vital life force or prana of plants will certainly aid in enriching the prana of human beings.

Among the three dynamic forces of nature or doshas namely vata, pitta and kapha that form the constitution of an individual, tangerine oil is said to benefit the vata and pitta doshas with its drying and cooling energies.

Let’s have a look at the Ayurvedic health benefits of Tangerine essential oil based on their usage.1. Abhyanga or the Ayurvedic massage therapy:

This treatment method falls under the sense of touch where the tissues of the body are maneuvered gently and firmly by hands, forearms, elbows, feet and few other effective massaging equipments. Ayurveda suggests the use of essential oils and certain other herbal oils, without which an Ayurvedic massage cannot be fulfilled.

The simple concept behind this healing methodology is that the therapeutic values of the essential oils used for massaging enter your body through the pores of your skin and deeply penetrates into your bloodstream. This way, a systematic massage with healing essential oils can have a positive effect on your mind, body and spirit.

Massaging with few drops of Tangerine essential oil blended with carrier oils like jojoba oil, almond oil or coconut oil can assist in healing numerous health conditions.

Calms your system:

Tangerine essential oil is a calming agent that is proven effective in relaxing your body absolutely. It treats mood fluctuations, assists nervous afflictions and completely pampers the troubled nervous system. Anxiety, stress, depression, pain, impulsive responses and emotional imbalances are controlled with its soothing and uplifting properties.

Boosts metabolism:

The stomachic and tonic properties of Tangerine oil supports in boosting the process of metabolism. It stimulates the proper flow of digestive juices ensuring appropriate secretion of bile and other digestive acids, aids in absorbing the essential nutrients from the food, heals irritation in the stomach lining and intestines and supports the entire process of digestion. For all these reasons the essential oil of Tangerine is used in relieving pain, treating ulcers, inflammation and wounds in the stomach.

Detoxifying agent:

Tangerine essential oil is an excellent detoxifier that facilitates in removing the toxic substances and other impurities in the body. The depurative property of this oil purifies the blood. It excretes the toxins and other harmful substances like pollutants, excess salt, uric acid and excess water in the body through urine, excreta and sweat.

Any human body free from toxic substances is the base for absolute health and grants complete newness to the aura. Tangerine essential oil is also efficacious in treating severe coughs, asthma, spasmodic cholera, convulsions, muscular cramps, spasms, severe pain and other breathing problems.

Repairs and replenishes the skin cells:

The active components and cytophylactic properties of Tangerine oil, makes it valuable in treating damaged tissues in the body. It promotes cell division and creation of new skin cells. This oil also aids in rejuvenating the existing cells and cure all kind of damages in the cellular system. This is why Tangerine essential oil is known as woman-friendly oil for treating stretch marks in pregnant women and other marks or scars due to accidents, obesity, acne etc.

2. A natural antiseptic:

Tangerine is one such mild essential oil that can be directly applied on cuts, wounds, sores and burns. The natural antiseptic values of this oil helps fight against the most harmful Staphylococcus Aureus bacterium, which is said to be responsible for wounds and infections to turn septic and contagious. Applying tangerine oil directly on the affected areas or a mix of few drops of this oil to your skin care lotions or cream is known to thwart the growth of bacteria, check swelling and redness of the skin and speed up the process of recovery.

3. In vaporizers and burners:

Tangerine essential oil can be used in aroma lamps, vaporizers, burners and diffusers to lessen stress, grant relaxation, alleviate depression, pacify the nervous system, induce peaceful sleep, appease the respiratory system and boost the digestive mechanism. The aromatic compounds of this oil enter the body through the nasal passages and reach the limbic system of the brain, which is said to control the functions of the body and influence your feelings, desires, emotions, creativity and other vital actions.

4. In bath tub:

Add 2 to 3 drops of Tangerine essential oil to your bath tub especially in the morning. This is because the revitalizing and encouraging aroma of this oil fosters your energy level, increases blood circulation, treats digestive problems, supports the functions of the nervous system and can give a great start to your day.

5. As a captivating perfume oil:

The fresh and energizing citrus aroma of Tangerine oil will be cheering and comforting to your mind and senses. You can add few drops of tangerine oil to your perfume, detergent or fabric conditioner, handkerchief, pillows etc to embrace your mind, body and spirit flawlessly. Inhaling the aroma of Tangerine essential oil augments your body’s potential to retain oxygen and stay fresh and keyed up all throughout the day.

Tangerine essential oil is also a natural tonic with antioxidant properties and can boost the immune power, making your body resistant against infections and illnesses.

Disclaimer:

Tangerine essential oil is safe on skin and is also recommended for children and pregnant women but is said to show photo toxicity effect in certain skin types. Essential oils are highly concentrated liquids so consult your Ayurvedic practitioner before taking them internally or applying them directly on your skin.

The MSDS (Material Safety Data Sheet) of Tangerine oil is readily available for your enhanced safety and better usage.

Gas Chromatography Report (GC analysis) of Tangerine oil.

Thought for the day:

Look deep into nature, and then you will understand everything better. -Albert Einstein

Suggested Reading:

Tangerine peel: An entry from Thomson Gale’s Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine by Peter Gregutt
An Aromatic Life: Natural Lifestyles using Essential Oils by Jen Gallagher
Treatment Alternatives For Children by Dr. Lawrence Rosen, Jeff Cohen
Between Heaven and Earth: A Guide to Chinese Medicine by Harriet Beinfield, Efrem Korngold

Reference Links:

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